Here is an elegant sangaku that requires both geometric and algebraic skills and some perseverance:

Two equilateral triangles are inscribed into a square as shown in the diagram. Their side lines cut the square into a quadrilateral and a few triangles. Find a relationship between the radii of the two incircles shown in the diagram.

Solution

Copyright © 1996-2008 Alexander Bogomolny

Two equilateral triangles are inscribed into a square as shown in the diagram. Their side lines cut the square into a quadrilateral and a few triangles. Find a relationship between the radii of the two incircles shown in the diagram.

At first sight, the problem may appear surprising: do indeed equilateral triangles form such a configuration in a square? As a matter of fact they do so even in a more general setting. As a result, we may find all the angles in the diagram as shown below (in degrees):

For the sake of convenience we label relevant points:

and add four more: the projections of M, P, and Q on the sides of the square.

Assume the side of the square equals 2: AB = BC = CD = AD = BM = CM = 2. Then in equilateral ΔBCM, the altitude MV = √3, the remainder MU = 2 - √3. From here (in ΔDUM) we can determine the values of trigonometric functions at 15^o which will be useful later on. First

By the Pythagorean theorem,

so that finally

Thus we can find sin 15^o and cos 15^o:

Now continue. ΔDAN is a doubled replica of ΔDUM so that AN = 2(2 - √3). Therefore,

After these preliminaries we are in a position to tackle triangles BLP and CDQ. Because of a proliferation of radicals it is a convenience to begin with similar triangles B'L'P' and C'D'Q' in which B'H' = 1 and G'Q' = 1. The other lengths come out as follows:

We apply the same standard formula as in another sangaku:

where r, p, S, a, h are respectively the inradius, perimeter, area, a side and the altitude to the side in a triangle. In ΔB'L'P', the inradius is found to be

The inradius r₁ of ΔBLP relates to r' as the ratio of the sides, e.g. BL/B'L' which is

from which

With an additional effort, we conclude that (1) and (2) imply

And this is the relationship we were supposed to surmise from the diagram.

It goes without saying that any use of calculators (direct or implicit via dynamic geometry software) to solve this problem is rather inappropriate as the calculations would conceal rather than help discover patterns between various elements of the diagram. Check a remark on another page and the last chapter of an exceptional book by D. Niederman and D. Boyum.

An anonymous visitor to the site has observed that the original diagram contains great many triangles, each with the incircle. The visitor drew attention to a pair of equal ones and conjectured that there are more such pairs of twin circles.

The visitor has surmised that line PQ is perpendicular to LQ which shows that in the right ΔLPQ, angle at P is 30^o, so that the hypotenuse LP is twice as long as the leg opposite angle P:

LP = 2·LQ.

Additionally triangles CQL and BLP are similar:

In the similar triangles CQL and BLP a pair of corresponding sides (LP : LQ) is in the ratio 2 : 1 implying the same ratio for other linear elements. In particular, the inradii of the two triangles are in the ratio 2 : 1.

It follows that the incircles of triangles CQL and CDQ are equal. One then wonders whether another sangaku would not be more natural.

However, simple comparison of the computed radii of various circles shows that besides the pair ADN and CDL of equal triangles, the diagram contains no twin circles in addition to the pair CQL and CDQ. Following is the collection of the radii of all the circles that appear in the double diagram above:

30.897424740513205 15.44871237025661 21.847778555217914 20.843374709207808 21.020708950586016 15.448712370256642 29.844620522684522 26.757954736802247 34.75479670426888 20.358888551841012 37.52222553867126 20.358888551840977 25.527816277595395 13.850936587751294 28.47257935337593

Most of the differences between the numbers in the list are sufficiently large to be explained by the accuracy (or the lack thereof) of calculations. Thus here is an example where the mathematical truth, albeit negative, can be established with the help of calculators.

References

1. H. Fukagawa, D. Pedoe, Japanese Temple Geometry Problems, The Charles Babbage Research Center, Winnipeg, 1989

   Write to:

   Charles Babbage Research Center
   P.O. Box 272, St. Norbert Postal Station
   Winnipeg, MB
   Canada R3V 1L6

2. D. Niederman and D. Boyum, What The Numbers Say, Broadway Books, 2003

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2. Critique of My View and a Response
3. 1 + 27 = 12 + 16 Sangaku
4. 3-4-5 Triangle by a Kid
5. 7 = 2 + 5 Sangaku
6. A 49^th Degree Challenge
7. A Geometric Mean Sangaku
8. A Hard but Important Sangaku
9. A Sangaku: Two Unrelated Circles
10. A Sangaku by a Teen
11. A Sangaku Follow-Up on an Archimedes' Lemma
12. A Sangaku with an Egyptian Attachment
13. A Sangaku with Many Circles and Some
14. An Old Japanese Theorem
15. Archimedes Twins in the Edo Period
16. Arithmetic Mean Sangaku
17. Bottema Shatters Japan's Seclusion
18. Circles and Semicircles in Rectangle
19. Circles in a Circular Segment
20. Circles Lined on the Legs of a Right Triangle
21. Equal Incircles Theorem
22. Equilateral Triangle, Straight Line and Tangent Circles
23. Equilateral Triangles and Incircles in a Square
24. Five Incircles in a Square
25. Four Hinged Squares
26. Four Incircles in Equilateral Triangle
27. Gion Shrine Problem
28. Harmonic Mean Sangaku
29. Heron's Problem
30. In the Wasan Spirit
31. Incenters in Cyclic Quadrilateral
32. Japanese Art and Mathematics
33. Malfatti's Problem
34. Maximal Properties of the Pythagorean Relation
35. Neuberg Sangaku
36. Out of Pentagon Sangaku
37. Peacock Tail Sangaku
38. Pentagon Proportions Sangaku
39. Pythagoras and Vecten Break Japan's Isolation
40. Radius of a Circle by Paper Folding
41. Review of Sacred Mathematics
42. Sangaku ŕ la V. Thebault
43. Sangaku and The Egyptian Triangle
44. Sangaku in a Square
45. Sangaku Iterations, Is it Wasan?
46. Sangaku with 8 Circles
47. Sangaku with Three Mixtilinear Circles
48. Sangaku with Versines
49. Sangakus with a Mixtilinear Circle
50. Sequences of Touching Circles
51. Square and Circle in a Gothic Cupola
52. Tangent Circles and an Isosceles Triangle
53. The Squinting Eyes Theorem
54. Steiner's Sangaku
55. Three Incircles In a Right Triangle
56. Three Squares and Two Ellipses
57. Three Tangent Circles Sangaku
58. Triangles, Squares and Areas from Temple Geometry
59. Two Arbelos, Two Chains
60. Two Circles in an Angle

Copyright © 1996-2008 Alexander Bogomolny