Sums of Squares in Circle

Source

Leo Giugiuc has kindly posted at the CutTheKnotMath facebook page a problem due to Miguel Ochoa Sanchez:

Sums of Squares in Circle - source

Problem

Chord $AB\;$ in a circle is parallel to the diameter $CD.\;$ The tangent at $A\;$ meets $CD\;$ extended at $P.$

Sums of Squares in Circle - problem

Prove that $\displaystyle AP^2+BP^2 = CP^2+DP^2.$

Solution 1

Let $D=(-1,0),\;$ $C=(1,0),\;$ $A=(-cos t,\sin t),\;$ and $B=(\cos t,\sin t),\;$ $\displaystyle 0\lt t\lt\frac{\pi}{2}.\;$ The tangent at $A\;$ is described by the equation $-x\cos t+y\sin t=1,\;$ from which $\displaystyle P=\left(-\frac{1}{\cos t},0\right).\;$ Furthermore, $\displaystyle CP^2+DP^2 = 2+\frac{2}{\cos^2 t}\;$ and $\displaystyle AP^2+BP^2=\left(\cos t-\frac{1}{\cos t}\right)^2+\sin^2t+\left(\cos t+\frac{1}{\cos t}\right)^2+\sin^2t=2+\frac{2}{\cos^2t}.$

Solution 2

I'd do this one with vectors. First observe that $a^2 = b^2 = c^2 = d^2 = r^2,\;$ where $r\;$ is the radius of the circle. Also note that $(a + b)\cdot p = 0\;$ because $a+b\;$ is perpendicular to $p,\;$ and that $(c + d)\cdot p = 0\;$ because $c+d\;$ is zero. Now

$\displaystyle\begin{align} PA^2 + PB^2 &= (a - p)^2 + (b - p)^2\\ &= a^2 - 2 a\cdot p + p^2 + b^2 - 2 b\cdot p + p^2\\ &= a^2 + b^2 - 2(a + b)\cdot p + 2 p^2\\ &= 2 r^2 - 0 + 2 p^2 = c^2 + d^2 - 2(c + d)\cdot p + 2 p^2\\ &= c^2 - 2 c\cdot p + p^2 + d^2 - 2 d\cdot p + p^2\\ &= (c - p)^2 + (d - p)^2 = PC^2 + PD^2. \end{align}$

Solution 3

Sums of Squares in Circle - lemma for solution #3

Sums of Squares in Circle - solution #3

Acknowledgment

Solution 1 is by Leo Giugiuc and Dan Sitaru; Solution 2 is by Tim Robinson; Solution 3 is by Miguel Ochoa Sanchez.

 

Butterfly Theorem and Variants

  1. Butterfly theorem
  2. 2N-Wing Butterfly Theorem
  3. Better Butterfly Theorem
  4. Butterflies in Ellipse
  5. Butterflies in Hyperbola
  6. Butterflies in Quadrilaterals and Elsewhere
  7. Pinning Butterfly on Radical Axes
  8. Shearing Butterflies in Quadrilaterals
  9. The Plain Butterfly Theorem
  10. Two Butterflies Theorem
  11. Two Butterflies Theorem II
  12. Two Butterflies Theorem III
  13. Algebraic proof of the theorem of butterflies in quadrilaterals
  14. William Wallace's Proof of the Butterfly Theorem
  15. Butterfly theorem, a Projective Proof
  16. Areal Butterflies
  17. Butterflies in Similar Co-axial Conics
  18. Butterfly Trigonometry
  19. Butterfly in Kite
  20. Butterfly with Menelaus
  21. William Wallace's 1803 Statement of the Butterfly Theorem
  22. Butterfly in Inscriptible Quadrilateral
  23. Camouflaged Butterfly
  24. General Butterfly in Pictures
  25. Butterfly via Ceva
  26. Butterfly via the Scale Factor of the Wings
  27. Butterfly by Midline
  28. Stathis Koutras' Butterfly
  29. The Lepidoptera of the Circles
  30. The Lepidoptera of the Quadrilateral
  31. The Lepidoptera of the Quadrilateral II
  32. The Lepidoptera of the Triangle
  33. Two Butterflies Theorem as a Porism of Cyclic Quadrilaterals
  34. Two Butterfly Theorems by Sidney Kung
  35. Butterfly in Complex Numbers

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