# A Problem in Three Squares

### Explanation

An interesting fact holds in a configuration of three equal squares placed side by side. If the lines drawn as shown then $\angle BDC + \angle BFC = \angle BEC.\,$ There are many proofs of this result. These are so simple, the problem has been included in many a puzzle book.

First note that $\angle BEC = 45^{\circ}.\,$ The task is then to show that $\angle BDC + \angle BFC = 45^{\circ}.\,$ Let's introduce $\alpha = \angle BDC\,$ and $\beta = \angle BFC.\,$ We are to prove that $\alpha + \beta = 45^{\circ}.\,$

### Proof 1

Add another row of squares below the given three. $\Delta BKD\,$ is isosceles $(BK = DK)\,$ and, in addition, $\angle K = 90^{\circ}.\,$ Therefore, $\angle BDK = 45^{\circ}.\,$ However, since triangles $DEK\,$ and $FCB\,$ are equal, we also have $\angle KDE = \beta .$

### Proof 2

Now with some trigonometry $(\arctan = \tan^{-1}),$

\displaystyle \begin{align} \alpha + \beta &= \arctan(\frac{1}{3}) + \arctan(\frac{1}{2})\\ &= \arctan((\frac{1}{3} + \frac{1}{2})/(1 - \frac{1}{3}\cdot \frac{1}{2}))\\ &= \arctan(1). \end{align}

where I used the standard formula for the tangent of a sum

$\displaystyle \tan(\alpha + \beta ) = \frac{\tan\alpha + \tan\beta}{1 - \tan\alpha\cdot \tan\beta}.$

Since $\arctan(1) = 45^{\circ},\,$ $\alpha + \beta = 45^{\circ}.$

### Proof 3

Triangles $BDE\,$ and $FEB\,$ are similar.

Indeed, assuming the side of the square equals $1,\,$ then

$\displaystyle \begin{array}{lll} \,DE=2, & BE=\sqrt{2}, &\displaystyle \frac{DE}{BE}=\sqrt{2},\\ BE=\sqrt{2}, & EF=1, &\displaystyle \frac{BE}{EF}=\sqrt{2},\\ BD=\sqrt{10}, & BF=\sqrt{5}, &\displaystyle \frac{BD}{BF}=\sqrt{2}. \end{array}$

which implies that $\angle BDC = \angle FBE = \alpha.\,$ Finally, the exterior angle $BEC\,$ of $\Delta FEB,\,$ equals the sum of the opposite interior angles, i.e., $\alpha + \beta.\,$ In short, we proved that

$\displaystyle \arctan(\frac{1}{2}) + \arctan(\frac{1}{3}) = \arctan(1).$

Observe that this implies another identity:

$\displaystyle \arctan(1) + \arctan(\frac{1}{2}) + \arctan(\frac{1}{3}) = \frac{\pi}{2}.$

### Proof 4

Following a proof without words by Hasan Unal (Math Magazine, v 82, n 1, February 2009 , p. 56) we shall prove a more general statement. Let x and y be positive numbers satisfying $x^{2} + y^{2} = 1.\,$ Then

$\displaystyle\arctan\frac{1-x}{y}+\arctan\frac{1-y}{x}=\frac{\pi}{4}.$

The identity $\displaystyle \arctan(\frac{1}{2}) + \arctan(\frac{1}{3}) = \arctan(1) is obtained from the above by letting$\displaystyle x = \frac{3}{5}\,$and$\displaystyle y = \frac4}{5},\,$making it yet another appearance of the Egyptian 3-4-5 triangle. The proof is based on the following diagram. Set$\displaystyle \alpha = \frac{1 - y}{x},\,$and$\displaystyle \beta = \frac{1 - x}{y}.\,$We see at the origin that$\displaystyle 2\alpha + 2\beta = \frac{\pi}{2},\,$implying$\displaystyle \alpha + \beta = \frac{\pi}{4} = \arctan(1).\,$Elsewhere we prove another curiosity:$\arctan(1) + \arctan(2) + \arctan(3) = \pi.$### Proof 5 This and the next proof are from David Wells' newsletter, where more accurate references can be found. This is a variant of proof #1 that qualifies as a proof without words. ### Proof 6 The extra construction here is the circle circumscribing a five-square cross. Here we have$\angle CDB=\angle EKF=\angle EBF,\;$(as inscribed subtended by the same arc.) In addition, by the Exterior Angle Theorem,$\angle EBC=\angle EBF+\angle BFE.$### References 1. B. Richardson, Three Squares Theorem, in The Changing Shape of Geometry, edited by C. Pritchard, Cambridge University Press, 2003 2. A Decade of the Berkeley Mathematical Circle, The American Experience, Volume I, Z. Stankova, Tom Rike (eds), AMS/MSRI, 2008 3. A Decade of the Berkeley Mathematical Circle, The American Experience, Volume II, Z. Stankova, Tom Rike (eds), AMS/MSRI, 2015, pp. 173-174 4. D. Wells, Archimedes Mathematics Education Newsletter, #3, September 05 2016 The identity$\arctan(1)+\arctan(2)+\arctan(3)=\pi\,\$ can be derived by paper folding and also becomes obvious in the 3-4-5 (Egyptian) triangle.

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