$\pi ^e$ vs $e^\pi$
Problem
Which is larger, $\pi ^e$ or $e^\pi$?
This is a popular problem with several known solutions. I was drawn to weigh on the problem by a post by Kunihiko Chikaya at the Short Mathematical Idea facebook group.
I found several solutions on the web, all nice and simple, using calculus, and most claiming to be the shortest beauty. My preference is for Kunihiko Chikaya's proof, although, as I discovered, it was not new (this is not to say the Kunihiko Chikaya did not do that independently.)
The answer is $\pi ^e \lt e^\pi.$ Several proofs are following.
Calculator proof
This proof would unlikely be accepted in a SAT or any other exam, however, given the wide spread of calculators, computers, computer algebra systems, and the fact that we live in the 21st century, make the following argument reasonably convincing:
Since $3.14 \lt \pi \lt 3.15$ and $2.718 \lt e \lt 2.719,$ and using the monotonicity of the exponential and power functions,
$\pi ^e \lt 3.15^{2.719} \lt 2.718^{3.14} \lt e^\pi,$
the middle inequality being easily verifiable by any widely available technological means: $3.15^{2.719} \approx 22.6416 \lt 23.0963 \approx 2.718^{3.14}.$
Via Taylor's Formula
This is the one posted by Kunihiko Chikaya, but it also can be found at the Stack Exchange.
Since $\displaystyle e^x=1+x+\frac{x^2}{2!}+\ldots,$ for $x\gt 0,$ we certainly have $e^x \gt 1+x,$ for positive $x.$ Taking $\displaystyle x=\frac{\pi}{e}-1$ leads to
$\displaystyle e^{\frac{\pi}{e}-1} \gt 1+(\frac{\pi}{e}-1)=\frac{\pi}{e},$
which is
$\displaystyle e^{\frac{\pi}{e}} \gt \pi,$ or $e^\pi \gt \pi ^e.$
Maximum of $f(x)=x^{1/x}$
Let $f(x)=x^{1/x}.$ Then
$\displaystyle f'(x)=\bigg[e^{\frac{\ln x}{x}}\bigg]'=x^{\frac{1}{x}}\frac{1-\ln x}{x^2},$
which vanishes at $x=e,$ being positive for $x\lt e$ and negative for $x\gt e.$ It follows that $x=e$ is the global maximum of $f(x)=x^{1/x}.$ In particular, $e^{1/e} \ge \pi ^{1/\pi },$ with equality impossible.
Maximum of $f(x)=\ln x/x$
Let $\displaystyle f(x)=\frac{\ln x}{x}.$ This is the natural logarithm of the previous function. The derivative is even simpler
$\displaystyle f'(x)=\frac{1-\ln x}{x^2},$
with a unique zero for $x=e.$ The rest follows.
Behavior of $f(x)=e^x - x^e$
Define $f(x)=e^x - x^e.$ As a matter of fact, $f(x)\gt 0$ when $x\ge 0.$ He's the graph of that function
The derivative $f'(x)=e^x - ex^{e-1}$ vanishes at two points $x=1$ and $x=e,$ the latter being the global minimum. In particular, $f(\pi )\gt 0.$
Behavior of $f(x)=x - e\ln x$
Define $f(x)=x - e\ln x.$ This function has a particularly simple derivative to work with: $\displaystyle f'(x)=1-\frac{e}{x},$ with the only zero at $x=e.$ The function is monotone decreasing for $x\lt e$ and monotone increasing afterwards. It follows, since $\pi \gt e,$ that $0=f(e)\lt f(\pi ),$ i.e., $e\ln \pi\lt\pi.$ $\ln \pi ^e \lt \pi,$ same as $e^\pi \lt \pi ^e.$
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- Wonderful Inequality on Unit Circle $\left(\displaystyle\left(\frac{a+b}{1+ab}\right)^2+\left(\frac{a-b}{1-ab}\right)^2\ge 1\right)$
- Quadratic Function for Solving Inequalities $\left((a^2+3x^2)(b^2+3y^2)(c^2+3z^2)\ge 4(ayz+bzx+cxy+xyz)^2\right)$
- An Inequality Where One Term Is More Equal Than Others $\left(\displaystyle\left(\sum_{k=1}^na_k\right)\left(\sum_{k=1}^n\frac{1}{a_k}\right)\ge n^2+(n-2)^2\right)$
- Complicated Constraint - Simple Inequality $\left(3(a+b)(b+c)(c+a)\ge\frac{\displaystyle 8}{\displaystyle\sqrt[8]{a^3+b^3+c^3}}\right)$
- The power of substitution II: proving an inequality with three variables $\left(\displaystyle\frac{ab}{(a+b)^2}+\frac{bc}{(b+c)^2}+\frac{ca}{(c+a)^2}\le\frac{1}{4}+\frac{4abc}{(a+b)(b+c)(c+a)}\right)$
- Algebraic-Geometric Inequality $\left(\sqrt{x^2-\sqrt{3}xy+y^2} + \sqrt{y^2-\sqrt{2}yz+z^2} \ge \sqrt{z^2-zx+x^2}\right)$
- One Inequality - Two Domains $\left(\displaystyle 3\prod_{cycl}(a^2+ab+b^2)\ge\left(\sum_{cycl}a\right)^2\cdot\left(\sum_{cycl}ab\right)^2\right)$
- Radicals, Radicals, And More Radicals in an Inequality $\bigg(\displaystyle\gamma=\frac{\sqrt[4]{xz}}{\sqrt{x}+\sqrt{z}}.\,$ Prove that $\sqrt{x}+\sqrt{y}+\sqrt{z}\ge 2\gamma\sqrt{3(x+y+z)}\bigg)$
- An Inequality in Triangle and In General $\left(\displaystyle\sum_{cycl}\frac{\cot A\,\cot^3B}{\cot^2B+2\cot^2A}+2\sum_{cycl}\frac{\cot^2A\cot B}{\cot A+2\cot B}\ge 1\right)$
- Dan Sitaru's Cyclic Inequality In Many Variables $\left(\displaystyle a+b+c+d\le \frac{a^5+b^5+c^5+d^5}{abcd}\right)$
- An Inequality on Circumscribed Quadrilateral $\left(s\ge 4R\right)$
- An Inequality with Fractions $\left(\displaystyle m\le\frac{a_1+a_2+\ldots+a_n}{b_1+b_2+\ldots+b_n}\le M\right)$
- An Inequality with Complex Numbers of Unit Length $\left(|a-b|+|a-c|\ge |a+b|+|a+c|\right)$
- An Inequality with Complex Numbers of Unit Length II $\left(|a^2+bc|\ge |b+c|\right)$
- Le Khanh Sy's Problem $\left(xa^2+yb^2+zc^2\ge 2m\right)$
- An Inequality Not in Triangle $\left(\displaystyle\sqrt{a^2+b^2-ab\sqrt{2}}+\sqrt{b^2+c^2-bc\sqrt{3}}+\sqrt{c^2+d^2-\frac{cd(\sqrt{6}+\sqrt{2})}{2}}\ge\sqrt{a^2+d^2}\right)$
- An Acyclic Inequality in Three Variables $\left(\displaystyle \frac{(a^2-bc)^2+(b^2-ca)^2+(c^2-ab)^2}{a^2+b^2+c^2+ab+bc+ca}\geq 3(a-b)(b-c)\right)$
- An Inequality with Areas, Norms, and Complex Numbers $\left(\displaystyle \frac{(ad-bc)(3(a^2+b^2)(c^2+d^2)-4(ad-bc)^2)}{\left((a^2+b^2)(c^2+d^2)\right)^{\frac{3}{2}}}\le 1\right)$
- Darij Grinberg's Inequality In Three Variables $\left(a^2+b^2+c^2+2abc+1\ge 2(ab+bc+ca)\right)$
- Small Change Makes Big Difference $\left(\displaystyle\frac{1}{\displaystyle \sqrt{1+a^2-\frac{(a-b)^2}{2}}}+\frac{1}{\displaystyle \sqrt{1+b^2-\frac{(a-b)^2}{2}}}\ge\frac{2}{\sqrt{1+ab}}\right)$
- Inequality with Two Variables? Think Again $\left(\displaystyle\frac{1}{\sqrt{1+a^2}}+\frac{1}{\sqrt{1+b^2}}\le\frac{2}{\sqrt{1+ab}}\right)$
- A Problem From a Mongolian Olympiad for Grade 11 $\left(\displaystyle \frac{a}{3a+2b^3}+ \frac{b}{3b+2c^3}+ \frac{c}{3c+2a^3}\le\frac{1}{5}\left(\frac{1}{a^2}+\frac{1}{b^2}+\frac{1}{c^2}\right)\right)$
- Sitaru--Schweitzer Inequality
$\left(\displaystyle \left(\int_{a}^{b}f(x)dx\right)\left(\int_{a}^{b}\frac{1}{f(x)}dx\right)\le\frac{(m+M)^2}{4mM}(b-a)^2\right)$
- Pólya-Szegö Inequality $\left(\displaystyle \frac{\displaystyle \left(\sum_{k=1}^{n}a^2_{k}\right)\left(\sum_{k=1}^{n}b^2_{k}\right)}{\displaystyle\left(\sum_{k=1}^{n}a_{k}b_{k}\right)^2}\le\left(\frac{\displaystyle \sqrt{\frac{M_1M_2}{m_1m_2}}+\sqrt{\frac{m_1m_2}{M_1M_2}}}{2}\right)^2\right)$
- Kantorovich Inequality $\left(\displaystyle \left(\sum_{k=1}^{n}\gamma_ku_k^2\right)\left(\sum_{k=1}^{n}\frac{1}{\gamma_k}u_k^2\right)\le\frac{1}{4}\left(\sqrt{\frac{M}{m}}+\sqrt{\frac{m}{M}}\right)^2\left(\sum_{k=1}^{n}u^2_{k}\right)^2\right)$
- Greub-Rheinboldt Inequality $\left(\displaystyle \left(\sum_{k=1}^{n}a_k^2u_k^2\right)\left(\sum_{k=1}^{n}b_k^2u_k^2\right)\le\frac{(M_1M_2+m_1m_2)^2}{4m_1m_2M_1M_2}\left(\sum_{k=1}^{n}a_kb_ku^2_{k}\right)^2\right)$
- An Inequality with Cyclic Sums And Products $\left(\small{\displaystyle \sum_{cycl}\frac{a^2}{(b+c+d+e)(a-b)(a-c)(a-d)(a-e)}\lt\frac{(a+b+c+d+e)^2}{1024abcde}}\right)$
- Problem 1 From the 2016 Pan-African Math Olympiad $\left(\displaystyle \sum_{cycl}\frac{1}{(x+1)^2+y^2+1}\le\frac{1}{2}\right)$
- An Inequality with Integrals and Radicals $\left(\displaystyle \Bigr(\int_0^1 \sqrt[3]{f(x)}dx\Bigr)\Bigr(\int_0^1 \sqrt[5]{f(x)}dx\Bigr)\Bigr(\int_0^1 \sqrt[7]{f(x)}dx\Bigr)\leq 1\right)$
- Twin Inequalities in Four Variables: Twin 1 $\left(\displaystyle (ac+bd)^2\le\left(b\sqrt[5]{ab^4}+d\sqrt[5]{cd^4}\right)\left(a\sqrt[5]{a^4b}+c\sqrt[5]{c^4d}\right)\right)$
- Twin Inequalities in Four Variables: Twin 2 $\left(\displaystyle (a\sqrt[3]{a^2b}+c\sqrt[3]{c^2d})(b\sqrt[3]{ab^2}+d\sqrt[3]{cd^2})\le (a^2+c^2)(b^2+d^2)\right)$
- Simple Inequality with a Variety of Solutions $\left(\displaystyle \sum_{cycl}\left(\frac{\ln x}{\ln y\ln z}+\frac{\ln y}{\ln z\ln x}\right)\ge\frac{18}{\ln (xyz)}\right)$
- A Partly Cyclic Inequality in Four Variables $\left(\displaystyle \sum_{cycl}xe^x\ge (x+y+2)e^{x+y+2}+(z+t-2)\sqrt[3]{e^{z+t-2}}\right)$
- Dan Sitaru's Inequality by Induction $\left(\displaystyle\begin{align}&\small{\frac{3}{a+1}+\frac{3}{b+1}+\frac{2}{c+1}+\frac{1}{d+1}}\\ &\small{\qquad\le 6+\frac{1}{a+b+1}+\frac{1}{a+b+c+1}+\frac{1}{a+b+c+d+1}}\end{align}\right)$
- An Inequality in Three (Or Is It Two) Variables $\left(\displaystyle \frac{(x+y)^2}{(x\sin^2z+y\cos^2z)(x\cos^2z+y\sin^2z)}+\frac{x}{y}+\frac{y}{x}\geq 6\right)$
- An Inequality in Four Weighted Variables $\left(\displaystyle (a+c)^c(b+d)^d(c+d)^{c+d}\le c^cd^d(a+b+c+d)^{c+d}\right)$
- An Inequality in Fractions with Absolute Values $\left(\displaystyle \omega\lt\frac{1}{3}\left(\sum_{cycl}\frac{a|a|-b|b|}{a-b}\right)\lt 2\Omega\right)$
- Inequalities with Double And Triple Integrals $\left(\displaystyle \int_0^{\frac{\pi}{2}}\int_0^{\frac{\pi}{2}}\cos\left(\frac{x+y}{2}\right)dxdy\ge\frac{\pi}{2}\right)$
- An Old Inequality $\left(\displaystyle \frac{4ab}{(a+b)^2}\ge\cos\left(\frac{\pi}{2}\cdot\frac{a-b}{a+b}\right)\right)$
- Dan Sitaru's Amazing, Never Ending Inequality $\left(\displaystyle \small{\sum_{cycl}\left(\frac{a}{b}\right)^2\cdot\sum_{cycl}\left(\frac{a}{b}\right)^4\cdot\sum_{cycl}\left(\frac{a}{b}\right)^8\ge\sum_{cycl}\left(\frac{a}{c}\right)\cdot\sum_{cycl}\left(\frac{b}{a}\right)\cdot\sum_{cycl}\left(\frac{b}{c}\right)}\right)$
- Leo Giugiuc's Exercise $\left(\displaystyle x\sin x+x^2\cos x\le 2\sin^2x\right)$
- Another Inequality with Logarithms, But Not Really $\left(\displaystyle \sum_{cycl}\frac{\log_y^3x+\log_z^3y}{\log_y^2x+\log_zx+\log_z^2y}\geq 2\right)$
- An Inequality Solved by Changing Appearances $\left(\displaystyle \sum_{cycl}a^2\cdot\sum_{cycl}\frac{1}{x^2}+\frac{\displaystyle 2\sum_{cycl}ab\cdot\sum_{cycl}x}{xyz}\ge 0\right)$
- Distances to Three Points on a Circle $\left(3\le |z-a|+|z-b|+|z-c|\le 4\right)$
- An Inequality with Powers And Logarithm $\left(\displaystyle \frac{a}{b}+\frac{a^2}{b^2}+\frac{a^3}{b^3}+12\ln b\ge\frac{b}{a}+\frac{b^2}{a^2}+\frac{b^3}{a^3}+12\ln a\right)$
- Four Integrals in One Inequality $\left(\displaystyle \small{\left(\int_a^bxf(x)dx\right)\left(\int_a^bf^2(x)dx\right)\left(\int_a^bx^3f(x)dx\right)\ge\frac{a^2b^2}{b-a}\left(\int_a^bf(x)dx\right)^4}\right)$
- Same Integral, Three Intervals $\left(\displaystyle\small{I(u,v)=\int_u^v\left(\arctan\left(\frac{u\sin x}{v+u\cos x}\right)+\arctan\left(\frac{v\sin x}{u+v\cos x}\right)\right)dx}\right)$
- Dorin Marghidanu's Inequality with Generalization $\left(\displaystyle (x+y)^2+(y+z)^2+(z+x)^2+12ab\le 4(a+b)(x+y+z)\right)$
- Dan Sitaru's Inequality with Three Related Integrals and Derivatives $\left(\displaystyle\small{\left(\int_0^af(x)dx\right)^4\leq \frac{a^8}{60}\left(\int_0^a \left(f'(x)\right)^2 dx\right)\left(\int_0^a \left(f''(x)\right)^2dx\right)}\right)$
- An Inequality in Two Or More Variables $\left(\displaystyle \frac{a}{1+a}+\frac{b}{(1+a)(1+b)}+\frac{c}{(1+a)(1+b)(1+c)}\geq \frac{7}{8}\right)$
- An Inequality in Two Or More Variables II $\left(\displaystyle (a+1)^{a+1}\cdot (b+1)^{b+1}\cdot (c+1)^{c+1}\le e^{a+b+c}\cdot\sqrt{e^{a^2+b^2+c^2}}\right)$
- A Not Quite Cyclic Inequality $\left(\displaystyle \frac{a^2+b^2+c^2}{a+b+c} \le \frac{ab+bc+ca}{a+b+c} + |a-b|+|b-c|\right)$
- Dan Sitaru's Inequality: From Three Variables to Many in Two Ways $\left(\displaystyle a+b+c\ge\frac{3}{2}\right)$
- An Inequality with Sines But Not in a Triangle $\left(\displaystyle \prod_{cycl}\Bigr(a^2\sin \frac{2\pi}{a}+(a+1)^2\sin \frac{2\pi}{a+1}\Bigr)\gt 2^{16}\right)$
- An Inequality with Angles and Integers $\left(\displaystyle k^2\tan \alpha +l^2\tan \beta \geq \frac{2kl}{\sin (\alpha+\beta)}-(k^2+l^2)\cot (\alpha+\beta)\right)$
- Sladjan Stankovik's Inequality In Four Variables $\left(\displaystyle 2\sum_{cycl}a^2-3\frac{\displaystyle \sum_{cycl}a^3}{\displaystyle \sum_{cycl}a}\le\sum_{all}ab\right)$
- An Inequality with Two Pairs of Triplets $\left(\displaystyle (a^2+b^2+c^2)\left(\frac{1}{x^2}+\frac{1}{y^2}+\frac{1}{z^2}\right)+\frac{2(ab+bc+ca)(x+y+z)}{xyz}\ge 0\right)$
- A Refinement of Turkevich's Inequality $\left(\displaystyle a^2+b^2+c^2+d^2+\frac{32abcd}{(a+b+c+d)^2}\ge \sum_{sym}ab\right)$
- Dan Sitaru's Exercise with Pi and Ln $\left(\displaystyle \small{\arctan(z-x)+\arctan(z-y)+\arctan(y-x) \lt \frac{\pi}{2} - \ln(2)}\right)$
- Leo Giugiuc's Cyclic Quickie in Four Variables $\left(3(xyz+yzt+ztx+txy)^2\ge 8(xy+xz+xt+yz+yz+zt)xyzt\right)$
- Dan Sitaru's Cyclic Inequality in Four Variables $\left(\displaystyle \sum_{cycl}\frac{a^7}{bcd+a^3}\ge 2abcd\right)$
- A Not Quite Cyclic Inequality from Tibet $\left((x+y)^2(z^2+xz+x^2+xy+y^2+yz)^2\ge 8(xy+yz+zx)^2(x^2+y^2)\right)$
- An inequality in 2+2 variables from SSMA magazine $\left(\displaystyle k^2\tan\alpha+l^2\tan\beta\ge\frac{2kl}{\sin (\alpha+\beta)}-(k^2+l^2)\cot(\alpha+\beta)\right)$
- Kunihiko Chikaya's Inequality with Parameter $\bigg(p \ge 2.$ Prove $\displaystyle \sum_{cycl}\frac{a}{\sqrt{ap+b}} \le \sqrt{\frac{3(a+b+c)}{p+1}}\bigg)$
- Dorin Marghidanu's Permuted Inequality $\left(\displaystyle \sum_{k=1}^n\left(a_k+\frac{1}{a_{\sigma(k)}}\right)^p\ge \frac{(s^2+n^2)^p}{n^{p-1}s^p}\right)$
- An Inequality Involving Arithmetic And Geometric Means $\left(\displaystyle\sum_{cycl}\frac{1}{a^4+b^4+c^4+abcd}\le \frac{1}{abcd}\right)$
- Dorin Marghidanu's Sums and Products $\left(\displaystyle \sum_{k=1}^n\frac{a_k}{P_kS_k}\ge\frac{n^n}{\displaystyle (n-1)S^{n-1}}\right)$
- Simple Nameless Inequality $\left(\displaystyle \sum_{k=1}^n\frac{S}{S_k}\ge\frac{n^2}{n-1}\right)$
- Volume Inequality in Tetrahedron $\left(OA\cdot OB\cdot OC\ge 27xyz\right)$
- Inequality in Convex Quadrilateral $\left(\displaystyle\frac{\displaystyle \sum_{cycl}\sqrt{b+c+d-a}}{a+b+c+d}\ge\sqrt{\frac{2(a+b+c+d)}{a^2+b^2+c^2+d^2}}\right)$
- Dan Sitaru's Inequality with a Double Integral $\left(\displaystyle\begin{align}&\small{\int_0^1\int_0^1\sqrt{\left(m^2\sqrt{mnf(x)f(y)}+f^2(x)\right)\left(n^2\sqrt{mnf(x)f(y)}+f^2(y)\right)}dxdy}\\ &\qquad\qquad\qquad\qquad\small{\ge (m+n)\int_0^1f(x)dx}.\end{align}\right)$
- Cute Exercise by Dorin Marghidanu $\left(\displaystyle \sum_{k=1}^n\frac{2k-1}{\sqrt[2k-1]{a_k}}\ge\frac{n^2}{\sqrt[n^2]{a_1a_2\ldots a_n}}\right)$
- A Little of Algebra for an Inequality, A Little of Calculus for a Generalization $\left(\displaystyle \frac{a^{n+1}-b^{n+1}}{a-b}\cdot\frac{b^{n+1}-c^{n+1}}{b-c}\cdot\frac{c^{n+1}-a^{n+1}}{c-a}\gt (n+1)^3(abc)^n\right)$
- An Inequality with Central Binomials $\left(\displaystyle \sqrt{2}\le\sqrt[n(n+1)]{{2\choose 1}{4\choose 2}\cdots{2k\choose k}\cdots{2n\choose n}}\lt 2\right)$
- A Simple Inequality with Many Variables $\left(\displaystyle \sum_{k=1}^n\sqrt{\frac{a_k+a_{k+1}}{a_{k+2}}}\ge n\sqrt{2}\right)$
- Cyclic Inequality in Four Variables $\left(\displaystyle \frac{3}{4}\sum_{cycl}\frac{a^3}{bcd}\ge 1+\frac{\displaystyle 3\sum_{cycl}a^2}{\displaystyle \sum_{all}ab}\right)$
- Cyclic Inequality in Four Variables By D. Sitaru $\left(\displaystyle \sum_{cycl}\frac{a^7}{a^3+bcd}\ge 2abcd\right)$
- Lorian Saceanu's Inequality with Many Variables $\left(\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}\left(\sqrt{ab}+\frac{1}{\sqrt{ab}}\right)\left(\sum_{i=1}^na_kb_k\right)\ge\sqrt{\left(\sum_{i=1}^na_k^2\right)\left(\sum_{i=1}^nb_k^2\right)}\right)$
- A True Algebraic-Geometric Inequality $\left(\displaystyle \small{\sqrt{\sum_{k=1}^n(2a_k-b_k)^2}+\sqrt{\sum_{k=1}^n(2b_k-a_k)^2}\ge\sqrt{\sum_{k=1}^na_k^2}+\sqrt{\sum_{k=1}^nb_k^2}}\right).$
- Leo Giugiuc's Cyclic Inequality in Square Roots $\left(\displaystyle \sqrt{x+y}+\sqrt{y+z}+\sqrt{z+x}\ge 2\sqrt{\frac{(x+y)(y+z)(z+x)}{xy+yz+zx}}\right)$
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