# A Property of Product of Special Matrices, Probably Folklore

### Solution 1

For all integer $k\ge 1,$

$\displaystyle A_k=\sqrt{k^4+1}\left(\begin{array}{cc}\cos (\arctan\frac{1}{k^2})&\sin(\arctan\frac{1}{k^2})\\-\sin(\arctan\frac{1}{k^2})&\cos(\arctan\frac{1}{k^2})\end{array}\right).$

Thus

$\displaystyle \prod_{k=1}^nA_k=\left(\prod_{k=1}^n\sqrt{k^4+1}\right)\left(\begin{array}{cc}\cos \left(\displaystyle \sum_{k=1}^n\arctan\frac{1}{k^2}\right)&\sin\left(\displaystyle \sum_{k=1}^n\arctan\frac{1}{k^2}\right)\\-\sin\left(\displaystyle \sum_{k=1}^n\arctan\frac{1}{k^2}\right)&\cos\left(\displaystyle \sum_{k=1}^n\arctan\frac{1}{k^2}\right)\end{array}\right).$

Now observe that, for $k\ge 1,$ $\displaystyle \frac{1}{k^2}\le\frac{1}{k^2-k+1}.$ But $\displaystyle 0\lt\arctan (k)-\arctan (k-1)\lt\frac{\pi}{2}.$ And $\displaystyle \arctan (k)-\arctan (k-1)=\frac{1}{k^2-k+1}.$ Thus it follows that

$\displaystyle \arctan (k)-\arctan (k-1)=\arctan\left(\frac{1}{k^2-k+1}\right).$

Putting everything together,

\displaystyle \begin{align} \sum_{k=1}^n\arctan \frac{1}{k^2} &\le \sum_{k=1}{n}\arctan\left(\frac{1}{k^2-k+1}\right)\\ &=\sum_{k=1}^n(\arctan (k)-\arctan (k-1)\\ &=\arctan (n)\lt\frac{\pi}{2}, \end{align}

proving the result.

### Solution 2

Matrices $\displaystyle M(a,b) := \begin{pmatrix} a & b \\ -b & a \end{pmatrix}$ correspond to complex numbers $a+ib$ and the map $a+ib \mapsto M(a,b)$ is in fact a isomorphism of rings. So for all intents and purposes, $M(a,b)$ and $a+ib$ are the same thing.

Thus, we may rewrite in polar coordinates

$\displaystyle A_k = k^2 + i = \sqrt{k^4+1}\;e^{i\arctan(1/k^2)}$

and

$\displaystyle \prod_{k=1}^n A_k = \left(\prod_{k=1}^n \sqrt{k^4+1}\right)\exp(i\sum_{k=1}^n \arctan(1/k^2))$

Now we need to show that the angle $\displaystyle \sum_{k=1}^n \arctan(1/k^2)$ lies in the interval $(0,\pi/2)$. This just means that the product $\displaystyle \prod_{k=1}^n A_k$ lies in the positive quadrant. It is clear that the angle is greater than $0$. To find an upper bound, we could try to use $\arctan(x) \leq x$ for nonnegative $x$:

$\displaystyle \sum_{k=1}^n \arctan(1/k^2) \leq \sum_{k=1}^\infty \frac{1}{k^2} = \frac{\pi^2}{6}$

The last equality is pretty well-known as solution to the Basel problem. Sadly $\pi/2 \simeq 1.57$ and $\pi^2/6 \simeq 1.64$. To get a more accurate bound, we can try to use additional terms of the Taylor expansion of $\arctan$:

$\displaystyle \arctan(x) \leq x - x^3/3 + x^5/5 \qquad \text{ for } x \geq 0$

In the next step we will use

$\displaystyle \sum_{k=1}^\infty 1/k^6 = \frac{\pi^6}{945} \qquad \sum_{k=1}^\infty 1/k^{10} = \frac{\pi^{10}}{93555}$

We actually don't need the precise values and could theoretically use (good enough) approximations instead.

\displaystyle \begin{align} \sum_{k=1}^n \arctan(1/k^2) \leq& \sum_{k=1}^\infty \frac{1}{k^2} - \frac{1}{3k^6} + \frac{1}{5k^{10}} \\=& \frac{\pi^2}{6} - \frac{\pi^6}{3\cdot 945} + \frac{\pi^{10}}{5\cdot 93555} \\\simeq& 1.51 \lt \pi/2 \end{align}

### Solution 3

Write $A_n=n^2+i,$ a complex number. $A_n$ has argumnet $\displaystyle \theta_n:\,\tan\theta_n=\frac{1}{n^2},$ $n\ge 1.$

To insure that the product $A_1A_2\ldots A_N$ lies in the frist quadrant, we need to have

$\displaystyle \sum_{n=1}^N\theta_n\lt\frac{\pi}{2},$

or,

$\displaystyle \sum_{n=2}^N\theta_n\lt\frac{\pi}{4},$

since $\displaystyle \theta_1=\frac{\pi}{4}.$ Now, using $\arctan (x)\lt x,$ for $x\gt 0,$

\displaystyle\begin{align}\sum_{n=2}^N\theta_n&=\sum_{n=2}^N\arctan \left(\frac{1}{n^2}\right)\\ &\lt\sum_{n=2}^N\frac{1}{n^2}\lt\sum_{n=2}^{\infty}\frac{1}{n^2}=\sum_{n=1}^{\infty}\frac{1}{n^2}-1=\frac{\pi^2}{6}-1\\ &\lt\frac{\pi}{4},\end{align}

since $\displaystyle \frac{\pi^2}{6}\lt 1+\frac{\pi}{4}.$

### Acknowledgment

The problem, with a solution, was kindly communicated to me by Leo Giugiuc. Leo noted that, in all likelihood, the problem is part of mathematical folklore. Solution 1 is Leo's; Solution 2 is by Long Huynh Huu; Solution 3 is by Sam Walters.

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