The theorem you cite was proposed and proven by Napoleon. Napoleon's Theorem is discussed at length on this website, at https://www.cut-the-knot.com/proofs/nap_circles.shtml.You will find many proofs there too.
Michael H. Brill
P.S. A related construction that produces a "surprise equilateral triangle" from a scalene triangle is the Morley Trisector Theorem: The three points of intersection of the adjacent trisectors of the angles of any triangle form an equilateral triangle. For this theorem and its proofs, seee
https://www.cut-the-knot.com/triangle/Morley/Morley.shtml.
A remaining puzzle I have with the Trisector is that you don't have enough angle relationships to solve the problem (the proof of D.J. Newman ASSUMES, but does not derive, enough angles to solve), and yet the construction is done entirely with angles. What's up here?