Multiplication of Integers
On a page on addition of numbers, I assumed that we know how to add, subtract and multiply whole numbers. I mentioned Peano axioms as the foundation on which these operations are defined and their properties established. Let's see how it can be done.
First of all we assume that there is something to talk about: there exists an entity known as the set of natural numbers N whose properties (explicitly or implicitly) are given by the following
Peano axioms
- 1 is a natural number. This says that the set N is not empty. There is at least one natural number. This number is denoted by the symbol 1 (pronounced one or unit.)
- For every x in N there exists a number x' known as the successor of x. Since
x = y means that x and y are one and the same number,x = y impliesx' = y'. - x' ≠ 1. In other words, 1 is not a successor of any natural number.
- x' = y' implies x = y. Different numbers have different successors.
- (Axiom of Induction). Let M be a (sub)set of natural numbers with the following properties:
- 1 ∈ M
- x ∈ M implies x' ∈ M
It's not my purpose to pursue this subject in every detail. Just, as an example, to demonstrate the logic of derivation from the axioms and, especially The Axiom of Induction, I'll prove a few basic theorems; after which we'll define addition and multiplication for the natural numbers. (A great many additional examples are considered elsewhere.)
Theorem 1
x ≠ y implies x' ≠ y'. |
Proof
Indeed, otherwise we would have x' = y'. Axiom 4 would then lead to
Theorem 2
x' ≠ x. |
Proof
Let M be the set of all x for which x' ≠ x:
Theorem 3
If x ≠ 1 then there exists u such that |
Proof
Let M be the set that consists of 1 and all those x for which such u exists. Then 1 ∈ M by definition. Let x ∈ M. Taking
Definition 1 (Addition)
- For every x define x + 1 = x'.
- For every x, y define x + y' = (x + y)'.
Theorem 4
The number x + y is well defined for all natural x and y. |
Definition 2 (Multiplication)
- For every x define x·1 = x.
- For every x,y define x·y' = x·y + x.
Theorem 5
The number x·y is well defined for all natural x and y. |
Remark
- x + y and x·y are called the sum and the product of x and y, respectively.
- I delight in the E. Landau's remark at the beginning of the proof of Theorem 5: Mutatis mutandis (with obvious changes), the proof follows virtually verbatim that of Theorem 4.
- Recursive definitions, i.e., definitions that depend on Axiom 5, are at the heart of Arithmetic. This axiom provides a way to prove a statement for an infinitude of numbers (or, if you will, infinitely many statements each holding for a single number) in a finite number of steps (viz., 2.)
- Associativity and commutativity of both addition and multiplication follow from the Peano axioms. Subtraction and division must be defined separately. Without them, the set of natural numbers is a semigroup with respect to both addition and multiplication.
- The distributive law (the first one) is suggested by the second clause of Definition 2 which could be read
(x + 1)·y = x·y + y. A more general theorem is of course based on Axiom 5.
Theorem 6 (Distributive Law)
x·(y + z) = x·y + x·z |
Proof
The proof is by induction based on Axiom 5. Let M be the set of all z for which the Law holds. We just saw that, by Definition 2,
|
where I have assumed associativity of the addition as proven.

Reference
- Edmund Landau, Foundations of Analysis, Chelsea Pub Co, 1960
- J. A. Paulos, Beyond Numeracy, Vintage Books, 1992

What Can Be Multiplied?
- What Is Multiplication?
- Multiplication of Equations
- Multiplication of Functions
- Multiplication of Matrices
- Multiplication of Numbers
- Peg Solitaire and Group Theory
- Multiplication of Permutations
- Multiplication of Sets
- Multiplication of Vectors
- Multiplication of a Vector by a Matrix
- Vector Space and Spaces with the Scalar Product
- Addition and Multiplication Tables in Various Bases
- Multiplication of Points on a Circle
- Multiplication of Points on an Ellipse

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