Hamilton's Apportionment Method

The apportionment method suggested by Alexander Hamilton was approved by Congress in 1791, but was subsequently vetoed by president Washington - in the very first exercise of the veto power by President of the United States. Hamilton's method was adopted by the US Congress in 1852 and was in use through 1911 when it was replaced by Webster's method.

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The given total number of seats (23 in the applet) is to be apportioned between several (3 at the ouset) states proportionally to their populations. To accomplish that task according to Hamilton,

1. Compute the divisor D = (Total population)/(Number of seats)
2. Find and round down state quotas {(State population)/D}. The leftover fractional parts add up to a whole number of seats.
3. Distribute the surplus seats, one per state, starting with the largest leftover fractional part, then proceeding to the next largest, and so on, until all the surplus seats have been dealt with.

This is probably the most controversial method of apportionment that leads to the so called paradoxes: Alabama paradox, population paradox, new-states paradox.

(One of the applets at this site combines Hamilton's and four additional methods of apportionment under a single umbrella.)

Reference

1. For All Practical Purposes by COMAP, 5^th edition, W. H. Freeman & Company, 2008 (8th edition)
2. G. Szpiro, Numbers Rule: The Vexing Mathematics of Democracy, from Plato to the Present, Princeton University Press, 2010.
3. P. Tannebaum & R. Arnold, Excursions In Modern Mathematics, 7th edition, Prentice Hall, 2009

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